By Satyam KumarThe ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had introduced the electoral bonds scheme, amid significant controversy, in 2018. This scheme allowed corporate houses and individuals to anonymously donate funds to political parties.
The BJP had defended the scheme, saying that it will take out black money from politics. But in February 2024, the Supreme Court of India ruled that political funding cannot be anonymous and ordered the government to discontinue the scheme. The State Bank of India (SBI) was required to release electoral bonds data to the public. The Supreme Court noted that infringement of the Right to Information is not justified to curb black money.
In this Chart of the Week, let's take a look at how some of the biggest names in the Indian stock market turned out to have invested heavily in electoral bonds until February 2024, when the Supreme Court of India banned it. India's apex court noted that corporate contributions are ‘purely business transactions made with the intent of securing benefits in return’.
If we take a closer look at the top contributors, all the top donors are family-owned firms looking to pass the leadership baton to their kids. These donations to political parties can help them develop strong relationships with political parties, and in turn cement their dominance in their industries via friendly regulation. This can also act as entry barriers for other smaller players.
According to the data released by the Election Commission of India, the Modi-led Bharatiya Janata Party received funding of Rs 6,061 crore via electoral bonds. This constitutes 47.5% of the total funds donated.
Reliance and Adani Group buy bonds through their subsidiaries
Starting with Qwik Supply Chain, the third-largest donor to political parties using electoral bonds donated Rs 410 crore. Out of the total Rs 410 crore, Rs 375 crore went to the BJP, Rs 25 crore to Shiv Sena, and the remaining Rs 10 crore to the Nationalist Congress Party. According to Press Trust of India, Qwik Supply Chain, registered at Navi Mumbai's Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City, has connections to family-owned Reliance Industries. However, a spokesperson for Reliance Industries stated: “Qwik Supply Chain is not a subsidiary of any Reliance entity.” The Reliance Group in August 2023 announced that Isha, Akash and Anant have been appointed to the board of directors at Reliance Industries.
The Adani Group, which is believed to have close ties with the ruling party, contributed a total of Rs 55.4 crore. This includes donations from ABC India and three subsidiaries of the Welspun Group. According to a press release, the Adani Group holds a 65% shareholding in Adani Welspun Exploration Ltd through Adani Enterprises. As a family-owned business, Gautam Adani’s two sons, Karan and Jeet Adani hold crucial positions in Adani Group companies.
Environmental violations main concerns for Sun Pharma and Vedanta
Family-owned mining company Vedanta has faced criticism for environmental violations across its mining and oil & gas projects in India. The company purchased electoral bonds worth Rs 441 crore. Reports suggest that the company’s electoral bonds buying spree could have been key to the recent weakening of environmental regulations.
Of the total 441 crore paid out, more than half went to the BJP, while Rs 125 crore went to the Indian National Congress, Rs 40 crore to Biju Janata Dal, and the rest to other political parties. Anil Agarwal, who was a successor to the company, passed on to him by his father D P Agarwal, has recently said that the company will be run only by professionals. However, his kids still hold high-profile positions in the subsidiaries.
Similarly, pharma company Sun Pharmaceutical Industries contributed Rs 32 crore to BJP through electoral bonds, purchased via one of its subsidiaries, Sun Pharma Laboratories. Sun Pharma has also faced allegations of environmental violations. This drug manufacturing company is also mainly family-owned. Aalok Shanghvi, son of Dilip Shanghvi, holds the position of Executive Director in the company.
Major telecom industry players bought electoral bonds
Telecom services company Bharti Airtel and its subsidiaries purchased bonds worth Rs 234 crore in total. The Bharti group donated Rs 150 crore to the ruling party through two sets of bonds purchased before and after the government introduced a new law concerning the auction of satellite spectrum. The law allowed the spectrum to be assigned through an administrative order, doing away with the need for competitive auctions. This ultimately benefited Bharti Enterprises, because OneWeb India, a subsidiary of international company Eutelsat OneWeb, with Bharti Enterprises as its majority stakeholder, was the first to meet the prerequisites for spectrum application.
This family-owned company has appointed Shravin Mittal, son of Sunil Mittal, as the Managing Director of the family’s investment arm, Bharti Global and Director at Airtel Africa.
Meanwhile, Aditya Birla Group, led by Kumar Mangalam Birla, donated Rs 556 through Essel Mining and Industries, and other subsidiaries. Many analysts indicated that the company wanted favours from the government related to its debt in the joint venture Vodafone Idea. Coincidentally, shortly after the donation of Rs 100 crore in February 2023, the centre announced the conversion of debt of Rs 16,000 crore into equity, resulting in the Indian government becoming the largest shareholder with a 33% stake in the company.
Kotak and Torrent’s contributions point to major anti-competitive favours
The Kotak family group led by Uday Kotak has purchased electoral bonds and donated Rs 60 crore only to the BJP. Uday Kotak was in a dispute with the RBI regarding his stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank, which exceeded the limit set by the central bank, which started in 2013. In December 2018, Kotak Mahindra Bank took the RBI to court over the issue. Thirteen months later, in January 2020, the RBI agreed to a proposal from the private bank in an out-of-court settlement. Infina Capital, a company belonging to the Kotak family group, purchased electoral bonds worth Rs 35 crore in the months leading up to the settlement.
In April 2021, Infina Capital purchased additional bonds worth Rs 25 crore to support the ruling party. This coincided with the RBI's announcement of fresh guidelines allowing Uday Kotak to continue as the Managing Director and CEO of Kotak Mahindra Bank for another 32 months.
Torrent Group, led by Samir and Sudhir Mehta purchased bonds worth Rs 184 crore. Torrent Power and Torrent Pharmaceuticals, both listed entities of the Torrent Group, donated Rs 76 crore and Rs 61 crore, respectively, to the BJP. Consequently, the Torrent group received special privileges from the Devendra Fadnavis government in 2019 exempting them from property tax of Rs 285 crore.
It's apparent that electoral bonds can serve as a means for corporate family entities to gain favors from the government, especially considering the 100% tax benefits associated with donations.
India has long had a problem with such crony capitalism - wealth built via close corporate-government ties accounts for 8% of India’s GDP and rising. Practices like electoral bond buying worsen such cronyism further by undermining competition, and entrenching the dominance of these companies.