1. MARKETS
  2. SECTOR : CHEMICALS & PETROCHEMICALS
  3. INDUSTRY : SPECIALTY CHEMICALS
  4. KIRI INDUSTRIES LTD.

Kiri Industries Ltd.

NSE: KIRIINDUS | BSE: 532967

Turnaround Potential
Download real time

625.20 15.10 (2.48%)

123.09% Gain from 52W Low

885.0K NSE+BSE Volume

High volume today

NSE 24 Mar, 2025 3:31 PM (IST)

Watchlist

Portfolio

Alert

Share
33S
8W
1O
0T
3,477.9

Market Cap

Above industry Median
10.7

PE TTM

Low in industry
0

PEG TTM

1.2

Price to Book

Low in industry
0.9

Beta 1Year

Low volatility


Insider Trading & SAST disclosures for Kiri Industries Ltd.

The latest disclosure under SEBI Prohibition of Insider Trading regulations was made by Hemil Manishkumar Kiri in Kiri Industries Ltd. where Acquisition of 3,200,000 Equity Shares done at an average price of Rs. 188 was reported to the exchange on Nov. 14, 2024.

The latest disclosures under SEBI SAST(Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011 transaction was made by Manishkumar P Kiri & PACs in Kiri Industries Ltd. where Acquisition of 3,794,751 shares done was reported to the exchange on Nov. 14, 2024.

Insider trades are disclosures under SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015 ([Regulation 7 (2) with 6(2)] made by corporate insiders: promoters, officers, directors, employees and large shareholders who are buying and selling stock in their own companies.

Client Name Client Category Action* Reported To/By Exchange Quantity Post Transaction Holding Traded % Avg. Price Value Period Regulation (Insider/SAST) Security Type Mode
Hemil Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,200,000 3,200,000 (0%) 6.17% 188 601,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Manishkumar P Kiri Promoter Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,633,789 3,633,789 (0%) 7.01% 188 683,152,332 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Anupama Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,800,000 3,800,000 (0%) 7.33% 188 714,400,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Arunaben Pravinbhai Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 2,700,000 2,700,000 (0%) 5.21% 188 507,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Arunaben Pravinbhai Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 2,700,000 2,700,000 (0%) 4.85% 188 507,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Manishkumar P Kiri Promoter Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,633,789 3,633,789 (0%) 6.53% 188 683,152,332 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Hemil Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,200,000 3,200,000 (0%) 5.75% 188 601,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Anupama Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 14 Nov 2024 3,800,000 3,800,000 (0%) 6.83% 188 714,400,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Allotment
Manishkumar P Kiri & PACs Promoter Acquisition 19 Nov 2024 3,794,751 3,794,751 (6.82%) 6.82% - 13 Nov 2024
13 Nov 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Allotment Of Warrants On Preferential Basis
Hemil Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 16 Oct 2024 3,200,000 3,200,000 (0%) 6.17% 188 601,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Warrants Preferential Offer
Arunaben Pravinbhai Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 16 Oct 2024 2,700,000 2,700,000 (0%) 5.21% 188 507,600,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Warrants Preferential Offer
Anupama Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Group Acquisition 16 Oct 2024 3,800,000 3,800,000 (0%) 7.33% 188 714,400,000 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Warrants Preferential Offer
Manishkumar P Kiri Promoter Acquisition 16 Oct 2024 3,633,789 3,633,789 (0%) 7.01% 188 683,152,332 15 Oct 2024
15 Oct 2024		 Insider Trading Warrants Preferential Offer
Lorus Global Investments Ltd Other Disposal 27 Aug 2024 4,131,987 - 7.97% - 31 Dec 2021
21 Aug 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 04 Apr 2024 10,000 2,984,238 (5.75%) 0.01% - 20 Mar 2024
20 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 04 Apr 2024 10,000 2,974,238 (5.73%) 0.01% - 21 Mar 2024
21 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 04 Apr 2024 10,000 2,994,238 (5.77%) 0.01% - 19 Mar 2024
19 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 04 Apr 2024 10,000 2,964,238 (5.71%) 0.01% - 22 Mar 2024
22 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 28 Mar 2024 10,000 3,004,238 (5.80%) 0.01% - 18 Mar 2024
18 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 28 Mar 2024 10,000 3,014,238 (5.81%) 0.01% - 15 Mar 2024
15 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 20 Mar 2024 10,000 3,034,238 (5.86%) 0.01% - 12 Mar 2024
12 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 20 Mar 2024 3,136 3,044,238 (5.87%) - - 11 Mar 2024
11 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Acquisition 19 Mar 2024 10,000 3,047,374 (5.88%) 0.01% - 07 Mar 2024
07 Mar 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 31 Jan 2024 38,948 3,057,374 (5.89%) 0.07% - 29 Jan 2024
29 Jan 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Disposal 25 Jan 2024 26,052 3,096,322 (5.97%) 0.05% - 24 Jan 2024
24 Jan 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Connecor Investment Enterprises Ltd Other Disposal 24 Jan 2024 65,000 3,122,374 (6.03%) 0.12% - 23 Jan 2024
23 Jan 2024		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 27 Oct 2022 15,000 2,584,893 (4.98%) 0.02% - 25 Oct 2022
25 Oct 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 23 Sep 2022 9,550 2,599,893 (5.01%) 0.01% - 19 Sep 2022
19 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Margin/Collateral
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Acquisition 22 Sep 2022 15,000 2,609,443 (5.03%) 0.02% - 16 Sep 2022
16 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Fund Other Disposal 22 Sep 2022 15,000 2,624,443 (5.06%) 0.02% - 15 Sep 2022
15 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 21 Sep 2022 15,000 2,639,443 (5.09%) 0.02% - 14 Sep 2022
14 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 21 Sep 2022 15,000 2,654,443 (5.12%) 0.02% - 13 Sep 2022
13 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,669,443 (5.15%) 0.02% - 12 Sep 2022
12 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,684,443 (5.17%) 0.02% - 09 Sep 2022
09 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,699,443 (5.20%) 0.02% - 08 Sep 2022
08 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,714,443 (5.23%) 0.02% - 07 Sep 2022
07 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,729,443 (5.26%) 0.02% - 06 Sep 2022
06 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Acquisition 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,744,443 (5.29%) 0.02% - 05 Sep 2022
05 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,774,443 (5.35%) 0.02% - 01 Sep 2022
01 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 20 Sep 2022 15,000 2,759,443 (5.32%) 0.02% - 02 Sep 2022
02 Sep 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 19 Sep 2022 15,000 2,789,443 (5.38%) 0.02% - 30 Aug 2022
30 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 19 Sep 2022 15,000 2,804,443 (5.41%) 0.02% - 29 Aug 2022
29 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 16 Sep 2022 15,000 2,834,443 (5.46%) 0.02% - 25 Aug 2022
25 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 14 Sep 2022 15,000 2,849,443 (5.49%) 0.02% - 24 Aug 2022
24 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 09 Sep 2022 25,000 2,864,443 (5.52%) 0.04% - 18 Aug 2022
18 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 23 Aug 2022 15,000 2,889,443 (5.57%) 0.02% - 17 Aug 2022
17 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 18 Aug 2022 15,000 2,904,443 (5.60%) 0.02% - 16 Aug 2022
16 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 17 Aug 2022 15,000 2,919,443 (5.63%) 0.02% - 12 Aug 2022
12 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 16 Aug 2022 10,405 2,934,443 (5.66%) 0.02% - 08 Aug 2022
08 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 09 Aug 2022 14,290 2,959,848 (5.71%) 0.02% - 05 Aug 2022
05 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 05 Aug 2022 15,000 2,959,138 (5.70%) 0.02% - 04 Aug 2022
04 Aug 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 02 Aug 2022 15,000 2,974,138 (5.73%) 0.02% - 29 Jul 2022
29 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 01 Aug 2022 15,000 2,989,138 (5.76%) 0.02% - 28 Jul 2022
28 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 28 Jul 2022 15,000 3,004,138 (5.79%) 0.02% - 27 Jul 2022
27 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 27 Jul 2022 15,000 3,019,138 (5.82%) 0.02% - 26 Jul 2022
26 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 26 Jul 2022 14,880 3,034,138 (5.85%) 0.02% - 25 Jul 2022
25 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Acquisition 14 Jul 2022 38,818 3,049,018 (5.88%) 0.07% - 13 Jul 2022
13 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 12 Jul 2022 21,037 3,087,836 (5.95%) 0.04% - 11 Jul 2022
11 Jul 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 15 Jun 2022 600 3,108,873 (5.99%) - - 09 Jun 2022
09 Jun 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 10 Jun 2022 6,901 3,109,473 (5.99%) 0.01% - 07 Jun 2022
07 Jun 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Disposal 08 Jun 2022 71,000 3,116,374 (6.01%) 0.13% - 03 Jun 2022
03 Jun 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
PRAVINBHAI AMRATLAL KIRI Promoter Invoke 25 May 2022 65,392 2,436,288 (4.70%) 0.16% 161.3 10,544,460 29 Mar 2022
29 Mar 2022		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Invocation Of Pledged
MANISHKUMAR P KIRI Promoter Disposal 25 May 2022 75,000 1,747,728 (3.37%) 0.19% 19.3 1,443,750 26 Mar 2022
26 Mar 2022		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Market Sale
Pravinbhai Amratlal Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 65,392 55,891 - -
29 Mar 2022		 SAST (Reg31) - Invocation
Connecor Investment Enterprise Ltd Other Acquisition 11 Mar 2022 3,187,374 3,187,374 (6.15%) 6.15% - 08 Feb 2022
08 Feb 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Conv. of FCCBs
LGOF Global Opportunities Ltd Other Acquisition 11 Mar 2022 3,187,374 3,187,374 (6.15%) 6.15% - 08 Feb 2022
08 Feb 2022		 SAST (29(2)) - Conv. of FCCBs
Vikasa India EIF I Fund Other Acquisition 11 Feb 2022 8 3,642,713 (7.02%) - - 04 Feb 2022
04 Feb 2022		 SAST (29(1)) - Issue Of Shares Upon Conversion Of Fccb
Cresta Fund Ltd Other Acquisition 01 Sep 2021 3,187,374 3,187,374 (7.96%) 7.96% - 26 Aug 2021
26 Aug 2021		 SAST (29(1)) - Conv. of FCCBs
Lotus Global Investments Ltd Other Acquisition 24 Jul 2021 3,187,374 3,221,309 (8.75%) 8.65% - 19 Mar 2020
16 Jul 2021		 SAST (29(1)) - Conv. of FCCBs
LTS Investment Fund Ltd Other Disposal 21 Jul 2021 525,030 1,751,665 (4.75%) 1.42% - 14 Oct 2019
28 Jun 2021		 SAST (29(2)) - Fccb Conversion
LST Investment Fund Ltd Other Acquisition 15 Oct 2019 2,276,695 2,276,695 (6.77%) 6.77% - 12 Aug 2019
12 Aug 2019		 SAST (29(1)) - Fccb Conversion
Manishkumar Kiri Promoter Revoke 25 Jun 2018 2,100 1,822,728 (5.81%) 0.01% 478.5 1,004,745 21 Jun 2018
21 Jun 2018		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Pledge Released
Aruna Kiri Promoter Revoke 25 Jun 2018 1,790 461,550 (1.47%) 0.01% 478.5 856,426 21 Jun 2018
21 Jun 2018		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Pledge Released
Aruna Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 1,790 0 - - 21 Jun 2018
21 Jun 2018		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mr Manishkumar Pravinchandra Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 2,100 0 - - 21 Jun 2018
21 Jun 2018		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Aruna Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 1,790 0 - - 21 Jun 2018
21 Jun 2018		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Equinaire Chemtech LLP Promoter Acquisition 03 Apr 2018 1,100,000 3,500,000 (11.17%) 3.51% 363 399,300,000 02 Apr 2018
02 Apr 2018		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Preferential Offer
Equinaire Chemtech LLP Promoter Acquisition 02 Apr 2018 1,100,000 13,990,878 (44.64%) 3.51% - 02 Apr 2018
02 Apr 2018		 SAST (29(2)) - Pref. Allotment
Equinaire Chemtech LLP Promoter Acquisition 01 Jan 2018 2,400,000 2,400,000 7.66% 363 871,200,000 29 Dec 2017
29 Dec 2017		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Conv. of Warrants
Equinaire Chemtech LLP Promoter Acquisition 01 Jan 2018 2,400,000 12,890,878 (42.62%) 7.94% - 29 Dec 2017
29 Dec 2017		 SAST (29(1)) - Pref. Allotment
Manish kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 109,074 2,100 - - 19 Nov 2014
19 Nov 2014		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
VIKASA India EIF Fund None Disposal 29 Sep 2017 579,981 938,970 (3.37%) 2.08% - 20 Mar 2017
28 Sep 2017		 SAST (29(2)) - Market
Vikasa India EIF I Fund None Acquisition 20 Mar 2017 558,951 1,518,951 (5.46%) 2.01% - 17 Mar 2017
17 Mar 2017		 SAST (29(1)) - Market
LTS Investment Fund Ltd Other Disposal 10 Mar 2017 916,175 558,951 (2%) 4.48% - 31 Mar 2015
08 Mar 2017		 SAST (29(2)) - None
Pravin Kiri Promoter Revoke 05 Jan 2017 1,200,000 2,501,680 (8.98%) 3.83% - 04 Jan 2017
04 Jan 2017		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Release Of Pledge
Manish Kiri Promoter Revoke 05 Jan 2017 512,000 1,822,728 (6.55%) 1.63% - 04 Jan 2017
04 Jan 2017		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Release Of Pledge
Mr. Pravin Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 1,200,000 55,891 - - 04 Jan 2017
04 Jan 2017		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mr. Manish Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 512,000 2,100 - - 04 Jan 2017
04 Jan 2017		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Equinaire Chemtech LLP Promoter - 05 Oct 2016 3,500,000 3,500,000 (12.57%) 11.17% 363 1,270,500,000 04 Oct 2016
04 Oct 2016		 Insider Trading - Preferential Offer
Anupama Kiri Promoter Acquisition 15 Apr 2016 1,294,000 5,701,238 (20.48%) 4.13% 136 175,984,000 08 Apr 2016
08 Apr 2016		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Conv. of Warrants
Anupama Kiri & PACs Promoter Acquisition 15 Apr 2016 1,294,000 5,701,238 (21.47%) 4.87% - 08 Apr 2016
08 Apr 2016		 SAST (29(2)) - Pref. Allotment
Anupama Kiri & Others Promoter Acquisition 18 Sep 2015 2,456,000 9,196,878 (34.64%) 9.25% - 15 Sep 2015
15 Sep 2015		 SAST (29(2)) - Pref. Allotment
Mrs. Anupama Kiri Promoter Acquisition 17 Sep 2015 2,456,000 - (16.60%) 7.84% - 07 Aug 2015
15 Sep 2015		 Insider Trading Equity Shares Conv. of Warrants
Anupama Kiri & PACs Promoter Acquisition 17 Sep 2015 2,456,000 9,196,878 (34.64%) 9.25% - 15 Sep 2015
15 Sep 2015		 SAST (29(1)) - Pref. Allotment
Mr. Manish Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 512,000 514,100 - - 24 Aug 2015
24 Aug 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Creation
Mr. Pravin Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 1,200,000 1,255,891 - - 24 Aug 2015
24 Aug 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Creation
Mr. Manish Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 760,000 2,100 - - 18 Apr 2015
18 Apr 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mrs. Aruna Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 385,000 1,790 - - 18 Apr 2015
18 Apr 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mr. Pravin Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 435,000 419,396 - - 18 Apr 2015
18 Apr 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mr. Pravin Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 363,505 55,891 - - 27 Apr 2015
27 Apr 2015		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Anupama Kiri Promoter Acquisition 22 Dec 2014 1,948,968 6,740,878 (29.66%) 8.58% - 18 Dec 2014
18 Dec 2014		 SAST (29(1)) - Pref. Allotment
LTS Investment Fund Ltd Other Acquisition 16 Dec 2014 1,475,126 1,475,126 (6.49%) 6.49% - 12 Dec 2014
12 Dec 2014		 SAST (29(1)) - Conv. of FCCBs
Mrs. Aruna Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 71,000 451,649 - -
06 Jan 2014		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
Mrs. Pravin Kiri Promoter Pledge 24 Dec 2024 785,000 854,396 - -
06 Jan 2014		 SAST (Reg31) - Release
*Actions covered:
Acquisition (Buy): Purchase of shares
Disposal (Sell): Sale of shares
Pledge: Shares being used by promoters as collateral for loans. Usually a negative signal.
Revoke: When shares are released from a pledge. Usually a positive signal. 
Invoke: When pledged shares are invoked by companies/banks who have provided the collateral, which may result in acquisition of stake in the company. Usually a negative signal. 
Client Category: Promoter/ KMP/ Director / Immediate Relatives / Employee / etc  
Security Type: Share/ Warrants / Convertible Debentures
Kind of transaction Mode: Public rights/ preferential offer / off market / inter-se transfer/ Market Sale
Data as reported to BSE and NSE
Insider trading data is from Disclosure under SEBI (Prohibition of Insider Trading) Regulations, 2015.
View All The Insider Trades & SAST disclosures
Screeners based on Insider Trading and SAST parameters